Irrigation systems today are amazing at getting just the right amount of water where it needs to be to meet a crop’s needs; however, if these systems are not well-maintained, things can go south pretty fast, resulting in distribution uniformity-related losses and expensive repairs. During his presentation at Malcolm Media’s recent Tree & Vine Expo, UC Cooperative Extension Irrigation & Soils Advisor Moneim Mohamed noted that regular and proper irrigation system maintenance can prevent expensive repairs. Watch his video interview with Matthew Malcolm on California Ag Network for five key tasks for preventative maintenance.
Winners of the 2025 Farm Robotics Challenge Awards will be announced on May 8. UC Agriculture and Natural Resources and the AI Institute for Next Generation Food Systems will host a virtual awards ceremony on Thursday, May 8, at 2-3 p.m. PDT. The event will celebrate student teams who have developed cutting-edge robotic solutions to address real-world farming challenges.
The ceremony will announce winners from more than 20 participating colleges and universities across the United States and internationally. Over the past several months, these teams have designed innovative solutions leveraging robotics, artificial intelligence and automation. Competition projects addressed critical farming issues such as autonomous navigation, advanced data collection, harvesting assistance, weeding and more.
“What makes this challenge unique is its focus on practical solutions developed in partnership with actual growers,” said Kelly Scott, competition director. “The innovative solutions these students have developed demonstrate the incredible potential for technology to transform farming and address pressing challenges facing farmers today.”
The 2025 competition will award over $50,000 in prizes across multiple categories, including the prestigious $20,000 Innovation Award sponsored by farm-ng and Western Growers. Additional awards will recognize excellence in productivity, regenerative agriculture, small farm applications and judges’ choice categories. Select teams will also receive travel stipends to attend FIRA USA 2025, North America’s leading ag tech conference, and will have the opportunity to pitch at the Plug and Play Tech Center Summit in June.
Now in its third year, the annual competition continues to expand in scope and impact. Previous winners include UC Davis’s Team Amiggie, which designed a robot to assist human pickers and monitor risky postures, and Olin College of Engineering’s Team PhoenixBot, an autonomous mechanical weeding system built to support smallholder farmers.
The Farm Robotics Challenge aims to inspire students to pursue careers in agriculture while helping farmers solve real-world challenges through emerging technologies. Participating teams include undergraduate and graduate students from both two-year and four-year institutions.
PhoenixBot, last year’s grand prize winner, is an autonomous mechanical weeding machine.
About the Farm Robotics Challenge
The Farm Robotics Challenge is organized by UC Agriculture and Natural Resources and the AI Institute for Next Generation Food Systems, with support from technology partner and sponsor Farm-ng, as well as Western Growers, F3 Innovate, Beck’s Hybrids, Google.org, Taylor Farms, the California Tomato Research Institute, Linak, and Plug and Play. The competition challenges college-level teams to identify and solve real-world agricultural problems using advanced robotics technology.
UC Agriculture and Natural Resources brings UC information and practices to all 58 California counties. Through research and Cooperative Extension in agriculture, natural resources, economic growth, nutrition and youth development, our mission is to improve the lives of all Californians. Learn more at ucanr.edu and support our work at donate.ucanr.edu.
Fusarium wilt of lettuce, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae (FOL), is an economically significant disease on the Central Coast of California. We conducted field trials to evaluate 30 iceberg and 21 romaine varieties for tolerance to Fusarium wilt. The trials were located in commercial fields in Greenfield, CA (wet date of May 27, 2024) and Salinas, CA (wet date of June 8, 2024). Foliar disease severity was visually evaluated on July 31-August 2, 2024 at Greenfield and on August 5-7, 2024 at Salinas and converted to a marketability (yes or no) rating. Disease pressure was high at both locations. Iceberg varieties that exceeded 50% marketability at both locations were Powerball and two coded entries from Vilmorin-Mikado. Nine varieties exceeded 50% marketability at Greenfield but not Salinas, and two varieties exceeded the same threshold at Salinas but not Greenfield. For romaine, 19 out of 22 varieties exceeded 90% marketability at Greenfield, but only two of those varieties (Holbrook and Momentus) also exceeded the same threshold at Salinas. In a greenhouse experiment, isolates from Greenfield showed a susceptible reaction on variety Costa Rica #4, which is consistent with the Costa Rica FOL race variant. Although FOL race 1 is suspected to be present at the Salinas location, greenhouse testing is not complete. These trials provide public data on the tolerance of iceberg and romaine varieties to Fusarium wilt.
Methods
Field trials were conducted in Greenfield, CA and Salinas, CA to evaluate both in-slot and out-of-slot varieties (30 iceberg and 21 romaine) for tolerance to Fusarium wilt in commercial fields with disease history. At Greenfield, bed center spacing was 80 inches, and plots were 1 plant line wide by 100 ft. long. Due to space constraints, 4 iceberg and 10 romaine varieties were not included in the Salinas trial. At Salinas, bed center spacing was 40 inches, and plots were 1 plant lines wide by 40 ft. long. Iceberg and romaine varieties were evaluated separately, and plots of each type were arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. Treatments were direct seeded using the grower-cooperators’ planters at Greenfield and using single-line push planters at Salinas. The wet dates were May 27, 2024 for Greenfield and June 8, 2024 for Salinas. The Greenfield trial was maintained to commercial standards for lettuce production, whereas the Salinas trial was not. After thinning by commercial crews, 50 plants at Greenfield and 30 plants at Salinas in the center of each plot were counted, and the section was marked with stakes. Data were collected from this center section. Evaluations were performed on July 31-August 2 at Greenfield and August 5-7 at Salinas, which was before maturity at the Salinas trial. Foliar disease severity was assessed on a 0 to 4 scale where: 0 = healthy; 1 = wilting or chlorosis of one to three outer leaves; 2 = up to moderate stunting and wilting or chlorosis of <25% of leaf area; 3 = head is severely stunted or absent and between 25% and 75% of leaf area is wilting or chlorotic; and 4 = head is absent and >75% of leaf area is chlorotic and nearly dead, or plant is entirely dead. For analysis, foliar disease severity was converted to marketability, where: disease severity of 0 or 1 = marketable; and disease severity of 2, 3, or 4 = not marketable. Marketability data was analyzed by an analysis of variance (P < 0.05), and variety means were separated using Tukey’s honestly significant difference test.
Results – Race of the FOL pathogen present
Two races of FOL are present on the Central Coast: race 1, and a novel race variant (Nayak et al., 2024). We are using the temporary name “Costa Rica FOL variant” for the novel race variant until it is officially named following completion of the upcoming ring test, which is a collaborative experiment between researchers and seed companies. To determine the FOL race present, isolates from each location were evaluated in a race typing experiment in the greenhouse. Variety Costa Rica #4 showed a susceptible reaction to both Greenfield isolates, which supports the observation that the Costa Rica FOL race variant is present at the Greenfield location. We suspect FOL race 1 is present at the Salinas location. However, greenhouse testing of the Salinas location isolates is ongoing.
Results – Marketability
Disease pressure was high at both locations. Iceberg varieties that exceeded 50% marketability at both locations were Powerball and two coded entries from Vilmorin-Mikado (Table 1). Nine varieties exceeded 50% marketability at Greenfield only: Balboa, Fontinas, Meridian, Paraiso, San Andreas, San Miguel, two coded entries from Salinas Valley Seeds, and one coded entry from Sakata. In contrast, two varieties exceeded the same threshold at Salinas only: Fredonia and a coded entry from Takii. This pattern of some varieties showing large differences in performance between locations whereas others showed similar performance suggests that a different race is present at each location, but this has not yet been confirmed by greenhouse testing.
Of the 21 romaine varieties evaluated, two varieties exceeded 90% marketability at both locations: Holbrook and Momentus (Table 2). A total of 17 out of 21 varieties exceeded the same threshold at Greenfield but not Salinas. At the Salinas location, Holbrook and Momentus were not statistically different from four varieties (Boronda, Copious, Patton, and Solid Heart) with average percent marketability ranging from 77% to 88%.
If you have additional questions about these trials, please contact Alex Putman at 951-522-9556 or aiputman@ucr.edu.
Please Send Us Samples
We are continuing to collect samples of lettuce Fusarium wilt to determine the distribution of races and to monitor the pathogen. To support this research, please contact the person in your region. Your help would be greatly appreciated.
Monterey, San Benito, or Santa Cruz Counties – Yu-Chen Wang (831-201-9689 or yckwang@ucanr.edu)
San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, or Ventura Counties – Chris Greer (805-888-1355 or cagreer@ucanr.edu)
Any other California county – Alex Putman (951-522-9556 or aiputman@ucr.edu)
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to D’Arrigo Brothers Co. of California and an anonymous grower for the space and maintenance of the variety field trials. We thank seed producers for providing seed for the trial. Funding for this project was made possible by a grant from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USDA. Funding was also provided by the California Leafy Greens Research Program.
References
Nayak, S., K.L. Richardson, A.I. Putman, N.R. LeBlanc, F.N. Martin, N. Li, and J.D. McCreight. 2024. Detection of novel pathogenic variants of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in California. Plant Pathology Early View. doi:10.1111/ppa.14019
It doesn’t require a degree in ornithology, a lab test or even an app for most growers to determine whether bird poop near their crops presents a food safety risk. They just need to ask themselves a simple question: How big is it?
That’s according to a study from the University of California, Davis, published today in the Journal of Applied Ecology. The study said an informed, nuanced view of food-safety risks and wild birds could help growers avoid crop losses and manage farms for food safety, biodiversity conservation and crop production.
Since 2006, when an E. coli outbreak devastated the U.S. leafy greens industry, growers have been pressured to remove natural habitat to keep wildlife — and the foodborne pathogens they sometimes carry — from visiting crops. Growers are often advised not to harvest crops within a roughly three-foot radius of any wildlife feces, lest they risk failing a food safety audit or losing a buyer contract. Growers often cite such concerns as a barrier to implementing conservation actions they would otherwise consider taking on their farms.
“We wanted to find out the true risk of wild birds to food safety,” said lead author Austin Spence, a postdoctoral researcher in the UC Davis Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology. “Which birds have pathogens, which birds are spending time on farms, and if a bird has a pathogen, does that pathogen survive long in bird poop? Our findings indicate that we can co-manage our areas for both agriculture and conservation.”
Northern harrier on sprinkler in leafy-green field, coastal CA (image by Rose Albert, UC Davis)
Where pathogens persist
Through field and greenhouse experiments, bird surveys, point counts and fecal transects, the authors assessed food-safety risks from nearly 10,000 birds across 29 lettuce farms on California’s Central Coast. They spent hours following turkeys, bluebirds and other wild birds at the UC Davis Student Farm and nearby Putah Creek, collecting hundreds of fecal samples. They compared E. coli survival in bird droppings on lettuce, soil and plastic mulch to measure pathogen persistence.
After all of these efforts, they landed on a simple finding: Smaller poops from smaller birds carry very low risk of foodborne pathogens, which were rare in birds overall. If a bird were to become infected, pathogen survival depends heavily on the bird’s size.
“Birds that are large produce really big feces, and that’s where pathogens are more likely to survive,” said Spence. “Birds that are small have tiny feces, and the pathogens die off quickly. So farmers don’t have to know the species of bird it came from. They just need to know the size. If it’s the size of a quarter, don’t harvest near that. If it’s a tiny white speck, it’s very low risk and probably fine.”
Loggerhead shrike in a cabbage field with farmworker in background (Image by Rose Albert, UC Davis)
Balancing conservation, crop yields, and food safety
Beyond fecal size, what the birds pooped on — be it the crop, soil or plastic — made a difference for pathogen survival. In the study, E. coli survived longer on lettuce itself than on soil or plastic mulch.
Fortunately, about 90% of birds observed on the farms were small and tended to poop mostly on soil, where pathogens perish quickly. By avoiding no-harvest buffers when food-safety risks are low, growers of leafy greens could harvest about 10% more of their fields.
“Birds generally present really low food-safety risks,” said senior author Daniel Karp, a UC Davis professor in the Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology. “The industry has been concerned about birds for a while. But pathogenic E. coli and Salmonella are vanishingly rare in wild, farmland birds. And we now know E. coli tends to die off quickly in most bird poop.”
The study opens up new strategies for growers to better balance conservation and food-safety risks. For example, growers could erect nest boxes to attract small, beneficial insect-eating birds, like bluebirds and swallows, that help control pests without risking food safety.
The work also contributes to a growing body of research that suggests growers do not need to remove habitat to improve food safety.
“There have been no studies to date that suggest habitat removal improves food safety,” Karp said. “Habitat around farms is actually likely to favor the small, insect-eating birds that are unlikely to carry pathogens. Studies like ours are giving farmers science-based permission to conserve habitat — and many species of wild birds — on their farms again.”
The study’s additional co-authors are Jeffery McGarvey and SangIn Lee at the USDA Agricultural Research Service, Olivia Smith at Michigan State University, Elissa Olimpi at Conservation Science Partners, and undergraduates Wentao Yang and Meirun Zhang at UC Davis.
The study was funded through the Center for Produce Safety, the California Department of Food and Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. — By Kat Kerlin, UC Davis
A dwindling and aging agricultural workforce, coupled with higher labor costs, have added pressure on U.S. farms over the past decade. A recent study by University of California agricultural economists Alexandra Hill and James Sayre explores these changing trends in U.S. and Mexican farmworker demographics and the potential implications for U.S. farms.
They found that the incentives to enter the United States under the H-2A visa program for farmwork far outweigh the incentives to immigrate for farm work without proper work authorization. However, because these H-2A workers come at a steep cost to employers, this could mean that several crops with high labor costs may increasingly move production to Mexico in a quest to reduce costs.
Over the last two decades, several trends have led to a shortage of domestic crop workers in the United States. A major contributing factor is that fewer immigrant farm workers are migrating to the United States from Mexico. This trend is generally driven by a declining share of Mexican citizens working in agriculture as the country’s economy moves into manufacturing and service industries, coupled with declining birth rates, rising education levels, and increases in U.S. immigration enforcement.
The H-2A program — which provides legal authorization for foreign workers to engage in temporary work on U.S. farms — is the one source of foreign crop labor that is on the rise. Employers are required to pay H-2A workers either the local minimum wage or the local H-2A minimum wage (called the adverse effect wage rate, or AEWR), whichever is higher. The H-2A AEWR is often four to five times higher than the average farmworker wages in Mexico, leading to a substantial wage gap that helps pull Mexican workers into U.S. farm work.
“While the high costs associated with the H-2A program will pull in workers, they may also push farms out of the United States,” said Hill, assistant professor of Cooperative Extension at UC Berkeley.
This is due to the fact high H-2A wages are reducing the profitability of U.S. farms that employ H-2A workers, particularly in states such as California and Washington, which have a greater number of high-labor crops, such as fruits and nuts. Mexico’s lower labor costs and suitable climate for fruit and vegetable crops allow the country to have an increasing competitive advantage compared to states like California, which have increasingly high AEWRs.
Mexican production of some of these high-labor crops has increased dramatically over the last two decades: From 2003 to 2022, the value of blueberry production grew 2,600-fold, raspberries grew 140-fold, and strawberries 13-fold. Large increases in exports of these crops from Mexico to the United States have occurred over this same period, confirming that high-labor crops are at a greater risk of losing market share to Mexico.
To learn how the changing demographics of U.S. and Mexican farmworkers could affect U.S. agricultural production, read the full article by Alexandra E. Hill and James E. Sayre: “As Mexican Farmworkers Flock North, Will U.S. Farms Head South?” ARE Update 28(1): 9–12. UC Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, online at https://giannini.ucop.edu/filer/file/1730229662/21163 or in Spanish at https://giannini.ucop.edu/filer/file/1732133779/21191/.
ARE Update is a bimonthly magazine published by the Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics to educate policymakers and agribusiness professionals about new research or analysis of important topics in agricultural and resource economics. Articles are written by Giannini Foundation members, including University of California faculty and Cooperative Extension specialists in agricultural and resource economics, and university graduate students. Learn more about the Giannini Foundation and its publications at https://giannini.ucop.edu.
UC Agriculture and Natural Resources brings UC information and practices to all 58 California counties. Through research and Cooperative Extension in agriculture, natural resources, economic growth, nutrition and youth development, our mission is to improve the lives of all Californians. Learn more at ucanr.edu and support our work at donate.ucanr.edu.
UC Cooperative extension experts led by Michelle Leinfelder-Miles evaluated blackeye bean varieties in a commercial field in Stanislaus County in 2023. The season began with cool and wet spring conditions, which lasted through the month of June and delayed planting. Seven varieties from the University of California blackeye breeding program were planted on July 7th. The varieties were grown on a Hanford sandy loam, and the soil temperature was approximately 75°F at the time of planting. Each variety was planted across six rows on 30-inch spacing, on a row length of approximately 275 feet. The seeding rate was 40 pounds per acre. This was a non-replicated evaluation due to a limitation in seed; therefore, no statistical analysis is presented.
The trial was planted in a field of CB46, and fertility and pests were managed by the grower in the same manner as the field. Data are presented in Table 1. Stand counts were made approximately two weeks after planting on July 20th. The stand was assessed as the number of plants per two-foot length. Twelve replicate counts were averaged. We evaluated aphid and lygus damage on September 8th, which were low due to the grower’s management. For lygus, we took 10 sweeps from four locations in each plot and counted the lygus. Data were averaged and are presented as a 10-sweep count. For aphids, we used a rating scale from 0 to 10 that accounted for visible crown damage and aphid incidence. In addition to the in-field assessment of lygus, we also evaluated harvest samples for stings and found that, on average, about 1.2 percent of the beans had lygus damage. No diseases were observed.
We harvested on November 6th. All six rows of each variety were cut and raked into one windrow. At the time of cutting, the grower observed that CB77 plants were laying flat, but they were laying in such a way that the knives still picked up the plants. The grower also observed that CB74 had an upright growth habit that could potentially make it a variety viable for swather cutting. We evaluated 100-seed weight as a measure of seed size, evaluating five 100-seed samples per variety.
We would like to thank the cooperating grower, the CA Crop Improvement Association for funding regional trials, and the CA Dry Bean Advisory Board for assistance with statewide research prioritization and assistance with outreach. — Images & Article By Michelle Leinfelder-Miles, UCCE
America’s farmers rely on a host of practices such as cover cropping and crop rotation to maintain soil health, grow more productive crops and feed the U.S. and countries around the world. However, current research is too sparse to precisely demonstrate how these practices can actually affect the yields and bottom lines for farmers.
Agricultural lenders and crop insurers do not currently offer incentives for farmers who incorporate these practices to improve soil health because they have no research-based economic rationale for doing so, according to Frederi Viens, a professor in the Department of Statistics at Rice University. Meanwhile, he said there is ample evidence that the federal crop insurance program indirectly provides strong incentives to continue practices that are damaging to soil health.
Viens said this misalignment of incentives is a missed opportunity for all parties involved, and it’s one of the reasons he has taken the role of lead statistician on a multi-year, multi-institution research project supported by grants from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Institute for Food and Agriculture and from the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research in partnership with the public advocacy nonprofit organization Land Core.
The project’s goal is to provide evidence that more sustainable practices reduce production risk while not significantly reducing overall yields — or better yet, improving them. Viens argues that with such evidence, a shift to more sustainable farming practices could be viewed as realistic by all parties.
“For the first time we are conducting a research project to demonstrate at scale how engaging in these farming ‘best practices’ can benefit farmers, insurance providers and the federal government, which provides ample farm subsidies,” Viens said, adding that the way the U.S. farming system is set up now is not sustainable for the long term.
“The problem is that if we continue with business as usual, soil health is going to continue to deteriorate, and climate change will make things even worse,” he said. “And we may get to a point where there is nothing left in the ground to grow anything. This is obviously super concerning.”
Using sophisticated statistical techniques, Viens and his fellow researchers will determine the risk-mitigation benefits and related cost savings associated with practices that improve soil health. By highlighting the economic upside of these practices, Viens said the federal crop insurance program will be able to offer better prices and pay out less in claims. Meanwhile, farm lenders can lower loan rates and/or offer improved terms to farmers adopting good soil-health practices. Viens says he expects that farmland valuation will start to systematically reflect the net positives of these practices.
“It’s a total win-win, or in this case, a win-win-win,” Viens said. “Farmers will save money on their premiums and produce more abundant crops. Lenders will reduce their risk and hence increase their profit margins. The federal government won’t be spending as much taxpayer money on subsidies and crop insurance claims, all because soils will be healthier and cropping will become more diverse; thus, low yields will occur less frequently, stabilizing each farm operation’s finances, lowering the risk exposure for their lenders and for the federal government.
“And finally — and most importantly — incentivization and implementation of these farming practices will improve long-term sustainability of the U.S. farming system by making it more resilient to extreme weather events,” Viens continued. “This is even more important when one knows that these threats will increase in frequency and in severity because of climate change.”
Viens is part of two closely allied groups of researchers working on the project. One group led by Harry Schomberg, a research ecologist and agronomist at the USDA’s Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory in Beltsville, Maryland, is currently using data from about 20 experimental farms in the Midwest, California, Canada, Maryland, Mexico and Tennessee, which covers a vast diversity of different types of crops, cropping systems and agro-ecological zones. Preliminary results show strong evidence of a simultaneous increase in climate resilience and yield under increased rotational complexity.
The agronomy lead on these projects is Timothy Bowles, an associate professor of agroecology and sustainable agricultural systems and director of University of California, Berkeley’s Agroecology Lab. The economic analysis at the level of full farm operations is being performed with the collaboration of Ph.D. students at Rice, Michigan State University, and led by Lawson Connor, an assistant professor in the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness at the University of Arkansas who specializes in crop production economics.
Viens and his team of Ph.D. students will support all teams involved with their statistical expertise in modeling and analysis in addition to Viens’ research background in quantitative finance and insurance mathematics and his hands-on knowledge of farming practices.
Organic food sales in the United States in 2022 broke through $60 billion for the first time, hitting another high-level mark for the resilient organic sector. Total organic sales – including organic non-food products, were a record $67.6 billion*, according to the 2023 Organic Industry Survey released Wednesday by the Organic Trade Association.
The organic market grew despite challenging headwinds: inflation pressures tightening consumer wallets, supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic and global political events, a proliferation of competing food labels in the grocery aisles and a labor shortage felt acutely by organic producers. Inflation heated up costs across the organic supply chain – indeed, the entire food supply chain — and boosted prices in the grocery aisles. As a result, the organic sector reflected the overall food sector, with the value of organic sales rising even as the growth in the volume of sales for some categories slipped.
The sector’s four-percent growth in sales value was nearly twice the pace of growth in 2021. Organic food sales totaled $61.7 billion, while the value of organic non-food sales hit nearly $6 billion. Certified Organic now accounts for 6 percent of total food sales in the United States.
“Organic has proven it can withstand short-term economic storms. Despite the fluctuation of any given moment, Americans are still investing in their personal health, and, with increasing interest, in the environment, and organic is the answer,” said Organic Trade Association CEO Tom Chapman. “Organic’s fundamental values remain strong, and consumers have demonstrated they will come back time and again because the organic system is verified, and better for people, the planet and the economy.”
Produce still leads organic
Organic produce, often the entry point for new organic buyers, easily held its position as the top seller of all organic categories. Sales of organic produce totaled $22 billion, accounting for 15 percent of all fruit and vegetable sales in this country.
Organic beverages were the second best-selling organic category, reporting $9 billion in sales in 2022, up 4 percent. Organic coffee maintained its position as the biggest-selling organic beverage, up almost 7 percent from the year before, with close to $2.3 billion in sales. Organic soft drinks and enhanced drinks broke through $500 million in sales at $503 million and saw robust growth of almost 14 percent.
“Organic beverages continue to climb. They’re an area where shoppers are willing to experiment and are less price sensitive,” noted Angela Jagiello, Director of Education and Insights for OTA and coordinator of the annual survey. “Soft and enhanced drinks had a great year, with the non-alcoholic trend being a big contributing factor. Many younger shoppers are reducing or eliminating alcohol, and these organic beverages are a celebratory and sophisticated alternative.”
The third highest-selling organic category was dairy and eggs at $7.9 billion, up over 7 percent from the previous year. Organic dairy and eggs now constitute close to 8 percent of the total dairy and egg market. Continued demand and inflationary price increases helped boost the dollar sales in that category; yogurt and eggs both saw double-digit growth, with organic yogurt sales jumping by over 12 percent to $1.5 billion, and organic egg sales by 11 percent to around $1.2 billion.
While the growth pace of organic sales has predictably slowed from the barnburner rates during the pandemic, a wide and diverse smattering of organic products showed outstanding growth as consumers bring organic more fully into their lives. To name a few: organic baby food and formula sales up almost 13 percent to $1.4 billion, sales of organic rice, grains and potato products up over 10 percent to $387 million, organic dip sales up a big 18 percent to $194 million, and sales of organic pork up more than 10 percent to $63 million.
In the organic non-food category, sales of organic linens and clothing accounted for some 40 percent of sales, recording $2.4 billion in sales for a gain of 2.5 percent. Organic supplement sales held steady with sales of around $2 billion, while organic personal care products rose over 5 percent to $1.2 billion.
Organic future is bright
The success of organic is not a new story. In the last ten years, organic sales have more than doubled as Americans are eating and using more organic products than ever before. Total organic sales broke through the $50 billion mark for the first time in 2018, and organic food sales hit $50 billion for the first time just a few years ago in 2019.
“Organic is at that right intersection of environmental and personal health,” said OTA’s Chapman. “Organic brings together the interest in human health and a healthy environment, and that offers organic a positive pathway forward and will help organic businesses withstand challenges in the future.”
This year’s survey was conducted early in 2023 from January 13 through April 4 and was produced on behalf of the Organic Trade Association by Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ). Numerous data sources were compiled to create as complete a picture as possible of the organic industry which consists largely of private companies. Inputs include but are not limited to point-of-sale data, expert interviews, annual report data, and in-depth direct survey data. About 100 companies completed a significant portion of the in-depth survey.
Executive summaries of the survey are available to the media upon request. The full report can be purchased; online orders can be placed on this page.
The 2023 OTA Organic Industry Survey is available in full as a benefit to association members. To learn more about OTA membership and its benefits, contact Director of Industry Relations, Membership, and Development Cassandra Christine at cchristine@ota.com.
*Based on newly available data for the Convenience Store channel, OTA has updated its data model, and as a result, restated current and historical figures for several food categories.
About the Organic Trade Association
The Organic Trade Association (OTA) is the membership-based business association for organic agriculture and products in North America. OTA is the leading voice for the organic trade in the United States, representing more than 10,000 organic businesses across 50 states. Its members include growers, shippers, processors, certifiers, farmers’ associations, distributors, importers, exporters, consultants, retailers and others. OTA’s Board of Directors is democratically elected by its members. OTA’s mission is to promote and protect ORGANIC with a unifying voice that serves and engages its diverse members from farm to marketplace.
Due to severe water shortages, rice acres planted in California plummeted by 37% from 2021 to 2022, according to numbers released recently by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service. But now, thanks to University of California researchers, growers have a new tool they could potentially use to cope with droughts and other environmental and socioeconomic changes.
A crop rotation calculator provides farmers in the Sacramento Valley – where 97% of California rice is grown – with projections on the economic impacts of transitioning their fields from rice into four less water-intensive crops: dry beans, safflower, sunflower or tomato.
The tool represents an initial attempt to address the dearth of research on rice crop rotation in California, while giving growers much-needed, science-backed data on whether the practice would make financial sense for their farms.
“I believe more rice growers could benefit from the many advantages of crop rotation, and this new tool is an excellent first step by the UC to help growers look into making such a transition,” said George Tibbitts, a Colusa County rice farmer.
Funded in part by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, through the Western Integrated Pest Management Center, the calculator is a collaborative effort of UC Agriculture and Natural Resources, UC Integrated Pest Management and UC Davis to fill a major gap in rice research.
“I do think there are people who would have tried rotational crops in the past, but it’s just so unknown, we didn’t have anything we could give them and be like, ‘Hey, this is the recommended crop for your area,’” said Whitney Brim-DeForest, UC Cooperative Extension rice advisor. “This tool gives them some preliminary data they can use to make a more informed decision.”
Crop rotation a potential boon to growers, environment
UC Davis doctoral student Sara Rosenberg and Brim-DeForest, alongside other members of the UC rice research team, surveyed California rice growers in 2020 on their experiences with and perceptions of crop rotation. Although the practice is rare in the Sacramento Valley (only an estimated 10% of rice acreage is under rotation), some farmers reported benefits that could be crucial in a water-scarce future.
“From having conversations with growers who do rotate, one of the biggest benefits they describe is their flexibility in times of drought, where they can keep producing on their land when there isn’t enough water to grow rice,” said Rosenberg, noting that crop rotation could be one option in a “toolbox” of strategies that growers also use to manage fertilizer price shocks, herbicide resistance and other challenges.
Given the dearth of quantitative data on crop rotation in rice, more studies are needed on the practice in California, according to Whitney Brim-DeForest, UCCE rice advisor. Photo by Evett Kilmartin
During the ongoing drought that caused about half of California’s rice acreage to go fallow in 2022, Tibbitts said his water district was only able to allocate 10% of his usual allotment.
“With such a limited supply, it would have been tough to grow even one field of rice,” he said. “But it was enough water so that we could rent two of our fields to a tomato grower – tomatoes under drip irrigation use much less water than a flooded field of rice. We were also able to grow one field of sunflowers, which doesn’t need any irrigation at all if you can plant the seeds into existing moisture in the early spring.”
While drought is one motivating factor to rotate crops, Tibbitts said that on principle he avoids planting all his acreage in rice and “not have all (his) eggs in one basket.”
“My primary motivation for rotating into and out of rice has been to help with weed and disease control,” he added. “Crop rotation is a primary tool of IPM (integrated pest management), and I feel it has helped me greatly over the years.”
According to Brim-DeForest, rotating cropping systems can allow for the use of different weed control tools, such as different herbicide modes of action, and different cultural controls such as tillage, reducing the chances of selecting for herbicide-resistant weeds – an increasingly pervasive issue in rice systems.
Rosenberg noted that, in some situations – and depending on the crops in rotation – the practice can also disrupt the life cycles of insects and diseases and potentially improve soil structure and increase nutrient cycling and uptake, which may lead to a reduction in inputs such as fertilizer.
More research on crop diversification needed in rice systems
The benefits of crop rotation for California rice growers are largely theoretical and anecdotal, however, so the UC rice team is looking to add evidence-based grounding through a variety of studies – from looking at long-term effects on soil health indicators to testing various cover crops (which may deliver some benefits of diversification, similar to those of rotation).
In addition to crop rotation in rice, researchers are also studying cover cropping, which may deliver some benefits of diversification, says UC Davis doctoral student Sara Rosenberg.
“In California, there is no quantitative data on crop rotation in rice,” said Brim-DeForest. “You’d think after a hundred and some odd years (of UC agricultural research), all the research would have been done, but, no – there’s tons still to do.”
Through interviews with Sacramento Valley growers, researchers found that cost was frequently mentioned as a barrier to trying crop rotation, along with incompatible soil conditions and a lack of equipment, knowledge and experience.
To help clarify those economic uncertainties, the new calculator tool allows growers to enter baseline information specific to their circumstances – whether they rent or own their own land, whether they contract out the work to plant the rotational crop, and other factors. The calculator then generates potential costs and benefits of staying in rice versus rotating to dry beans, safflower, sunflower or tomato, during the first year and in an “average” year for those crops.
The upfront costs of rotation during “year one” can be daunting. Therefore, the tool only focuses on a short-term profitability perspective. Researchers are currently working on longer term modeling for crop rotation – incorporating the possibility of reduced herbicide use over time, and under different crop yield scenarios, for example – that could significantly change the growers’ calculus.
“You could actually be profitable in the long term, whereas this first, short glimpse is showing you a negative,” said Rosenberg.
In addition, thanks to collaboration with the UC IPM team, the rice rotation calculator is an evolving tool that will be continually improved based on user feedback and additional data. Brim-DeForest also said that it could be adapted to other cropping systems – for example, alfalfa going into another rotational crop.
Other contributors to the project include Bruce Linquist, Luis Espino, Ellen Bruno, Kassim Al-Khatib and Michelle Leinfelder-Miles of UCCE; Cameron Pittelkow of UC Davis; as well as UC IPM team members Chinh Lam, Tunyalee Martin and Hanna Zorlu; and the California rice growers and industry members who participated in the research. — By Mike Hsu, UCANR
UC Agriculture and Natural Resources brings the power of UC to all 58 California counties. Through research and Cooperative Extension in agriculture, natural resources, nutrition, economic and youth development, our mission is to improve the lives of all Californians. Learn more at ucanr.edu and support our work at donate.ucanr.edu.
The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) announced its newly elected leaders for the next office term, beginning January 2024.
The CSSA annual election, which was held March 6 – April 6, 2023, was open to all members of the Society. Candidates, either self-nominated or nominated by others, ran for positions including President, a member of the Board of Directors, and Division Chairs. Elected leaders represent members of the Society as a whole, and make decisions on areas such as how time and money are spent on programs and resources.
The following individuals will serve during the 2024 term:
President-Elect
Mark E. Sorrells (Cornell University)
Division Chair Leadership
Division C-1 Crop Breeding and Genetics Chair-Elect
Aaron J. Lorenz (University of Minnesota Agronomy & Plant Genetics)
Division C-2 Crop Physiology and Metabolism Chair-Elect
Cristiane Pilon (University of Georgia-Tifton)
Division C-3 Crop Ecology, Management & Quality Chair-Elect
Mark A. Licht (Iowa State University)
Division C-5 Turfgrass Science Chair-Elect
Aaron J. Patton (Purdue University)
Division C-6 Forage & Grazinglands Chair-Elect
David Mirabedini Jaramillo (U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center)
Division C-7 Genomics, Molecular Genetics, and Biotechnology Chair-Elect
Michael J. Thomson (Texas A&M University)
Division C-8 Plant Genetic Resources Chair-Elect
Vivian M. Bernau (USDA-ARS)
Division C-9 Crops for Nutrition and Health Chair-Elect
D. Jo Heuschele (USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit)
Board Representative Leadership
Graduate Student Board Representative
Tina Marie Sullivan (Utah State University)
Division C-2 Crop Physiology and Metabolism Board Representative
John L. Snider (University of Georgia-Tifton)
Division C-5 Turfgrass Science Board Representative
Cale A. Bigelow (Purdue University)
CSSA Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) Member-at-Large Board Representative
Geoffrey Michael Koch (University of California-Davis)
President-elect Mark Sorrells earned his Ph.D. in Plant Breeding and Plant Genetics at the University of Wisconsin – Madison, and is a professor in the Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics at Cornell University. Sorrells comes with an extensive leadership background, holding many elected positions throughout his professional career.
As part of his vision statement, Sorrells’ plan for CSSA is to create a diverse and inclusive workforce that can innovate and apply sustainable plant science solutions. He hopes that by enhancing crop production systems, it will nourish a growing world population while protecting the environment.
Jim Cudahy, Chief Executive Officer of the Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies, welcomes the newly elected leadership, saying, “I am looking forward to working with this talented and dedicated group of leaders and extend a warm welcome in their new roles. I know they will enhance and strengthen the Society they serve.”
CSSA is also part of the Alliance of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Societies (ACSESS): a nonprofit organization providing management and administrative, support services to founding members, the American Society of Agronomy (ASA), Crop Science Society of America (CSSA), and Soil Science Society of America (SSSA). The headquarters office is located in Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Crop Science Society of America: Collectively, these Societies represent more than 12,000 individual members around the world. Members are researchers and professionals in the areas of growing our world’s food supply while protecting our environment. Together we work toward solutions to advance scientific knowledge in the areas of agronomy, crop science, and soil science.
The organic market grew despite challenging headwinds: inflation pressures tightening consumer wallets, supply chain disruptions caused by the pandemic and global political events, a proliferation of competing food labels in the grocery aisles and a labor shortage felt acutely by organic producers. 
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