Category: Dairy Industry

  • USDA California Crop/Weather Report

    Sacramento, Calif., (February 14, 2017) – Another wet week across the State. Most days received widespread precipitation across a large portion of the State. Last week, the heaviest rains fell on the windward and southern slopes of the central/northern Sierras and northern mountains. Blue Canyon reported the largest precipitation of 14.16 inches. The northwestern mountains received four to six inches of rain, while the valley saw three to four inches across its northern half and one to two inches across its southern half. The immediate coast from San Francisco southward to Los Angeles received two to three inches. Despite warm temperatures, additional snow fell in the mountains through last week, the heaviest in the Tahoe region, where 12 to 18 inches fell. The northern Sierras saw eight to12 inches across the northern mountains, with the Southern Sierras reporting three to six inches. Despite the additional snowfalls, warm temperatures resulted in an overall reduction of four to eight inches in snowpack.

    Temperature highs were in the 30s to 50s in the mountains, 50s to 60s in the valley and along the coast, and 60s to 80s in the desert. The temperature lows were in the 20s to 40s in the mountains, 30s-50s in the desert, and 40s to 50s in the valley and along the coast.

    Growers continued to wait for fields to dry out sufficiently to resume planting winter grain and field crops. The planted grains and field crops continued to mature at an excellent rate, reaping the benefit from all the recent rains.

    Orchards in the San Joaquin Valley where conditions permitted, allowing for some orchard pruning, discing, weed control and pre-bloom spraying. Pruning, tying, berm sanitation, and brush shredding started up again in the drier vineyards. Where field conditions permitted the removal of older orchards and vineyards continued in preparation for replanting with new varieties. The standing water in vineyards and orchards caused for concern the health of the trees and vines. Early varieties of nectarines and peaches began to bloom in Fresno County. Navel orange harvest continued as weather permitted. Second treatment spraying for citrus fungal diseases was drawing to a close. Tangerines continued to be harvested.

    As field conditions permitted orchards continued to be pruned and brush. Some late dormant sprays were applied. Almond buds were swelling and a few early blossoms reported in the southern San Joaquin Valley.

    In Monterey County, frequent rain continued throughout the week.  The rain was welcomed as it cleaned salts from the soil profile, but it slowed field activities.  Very few fields were planted, but as the skies began to clear, work resumed on cole crops, lettuces, celery, and spinach.  In Fresno County, the carrot harvest was ongoing when the weather permitted.  Weed control was ongoing for tomatoes.  Garlic and onion plantings had emerged and showed good growth.  Broccoli was growing steadily.  In Imperial County, harvest continued for broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, and lettuce.  Fields were planted with melon and sweet corn as weather permitted.

    Non-irrigated pasture and rangeland continued to improve due to the winter’s precipitation and warming temperatures. Range was reported to be in excellent to good condition. Sheep grazed idle fields and dormant alfalfa fields. Supplemental feeding of livestock was on the decline as range conditions improved. Bee hives were staged in preparation for the pending bloom season, though muddy conditions forced many hives to be left on drier ground outside almond orchards.

  • 2017 Acreage Reporting Dates

    Tulare, Calif., (February 14, 2017) – In order to comply with FSA program eligibility requirements, all producers are encouraged to visit the Tulare County FSA office to file an accurate crop certification report by the applicable deadline.

    The following acreage reporting dates are applicable for Tulare County:

    March 15, 2017 – 
Alfalfa Seed, Almonds, Barley, Cherries, Oats, Olives, Pears, Pistachios, Plums, Walnuts, Wheat

    May 15, 2017 – 
Grapes and Table Grapes

    June 15, 2017 – 
Forage Seeding

    July 15, 2017 – Spring Alfalfa Seed, Spring Seeded Barley, Corn, Cotton, Grain Sorghum, Onions, Safflower and all other crops

    July 31, 2017 – 
Raisins

    December 15, 2017 – Alfalfa for Forage, Native Grass for Grazing

    The following exceptions apply to the above acreage reporting dates:

    • If the crop has not been planted by the above acreage reporting date, then the acreage must be reported no later than 15 calendar days after planting is completed.
    • If a producer acquires additional acreage after the above acreage reporting date, then the acreage must be reported no later than 30 calendars days after purchase or acquiring the lease. Appropriate documentation must be provided to the county office.
    • If a perennial forage crop is reported with the intended use of “cover only,” “green manure,” “left standing,” or “seed,” then the acreage must be reported by July 15th.

    Noninsured Crop Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) policy holders should note that the acreage reporting date for NAP covered crops is the earlier of the dates listed above or 15 calendar days before grazing or harvesting of the crop begins.

    For questions regarding crop certification and a complete list of crops and crop loss reports, please contact the Tulare County FSA office at 559-734-8732.

  • USDA’s FMMO Recommendation Released!

    Turlock, Calif., (February 14, 2017) – After over a year of anticipation, it is finally here folks: USDA released its recommended decision for a California Federal Milk Marketing Order (FMMO). If you recall, USDA heard about two complete proposals at the Clovis hearing in Fresno during fall 2015. Proposal number 1, from the three largest coops in the state (CDI, DFA and LOL), requested a California FMMO that looked very similar to California’s current state order, while using FMMO pricing formulas. Proposal number 2, from the Dairy Institute of California, incorporated many components of other FMMOs and retained few aspects of the current state order. Two other partial proposals from the California Producer Handlers Association and Ponderosa Dairy were also considered. A period for post-hearing briefs and reply briefs unfolded through summer 2016 and USDA has been judiciously drafting the current recommendation since. Based on the 40 days of hearing and hundreds of pages in briefs, it is impressive USDA managed to summarize it all in a 213-page document. That document can be found here. Since that is still rather lengthy, below is a summary of the key points that matter to California producers. They are meant to be presented in a neutral way, while highlighting how they compare with what the coops’ proposal requested. WUD will be looking at the potential impacts in great detail in the next few days/weeks and will keep you informed as this process unfolds.

    Pricing: USDA finds that the CA FMMO pricing formula should match those in other FMMO. This is what the coops asked.

    Pooling: USDA finds that pooling of Class II, III and IV should not be mandatory. The coops had argued for mandatory pooling.

    Quota: USDA finds that quota should continue operating. It would continue to be administered by CDFA (if CDFA agrees). Because it would fall under CDFA, USDA does not outline many details, and when such details will emerge is uncertain. The one feature that is outlined is the funding of the quota program would come through a deduction on producers’ milk check. This is not exactly what the coops asked, but USDA found a clever not to stray too far either (the coops wanted no change from what it is now, where monies are taken out of the pool and distributed to quota holders, prior to the blend price calculation).

    Transportation allowance and credits: USDA finds that there should not be such a system funded through the pool. Instead, producer payments would be adjusted to reflect the applicable producer location adjustment for the handler location where their milk is received. The coops had asked for a transportation allowance system similar to what exists in California currently.

    Producer payment: USDA finds that producer payments should be made on a multiple components basis. Producers would be paid for the butterfat, protein and other solids components in their producer milk and for the cwt of milk pooled. The coops had asked for a simpler calculation on part of it, but overall this is not too far.

    There will be a meeting in Clovis on February 22 where USDA will go over details and attendees will be able to ask questions. WUD will be front and center to listen and ask the questions that matter to its members. The meeting will start at 9am at the Veterans Memorial District. If you have questions ahead of the meeting, please feel free to send them to me at aacmoody@westernuniteddairymen.com. If I don’t have the answer, I will make sure to find it.

    Expected Timeline:

    • February 14, 2017: Official posting of the recommended decision to the Federal Register.
    • February 22, 2017: Informational meeting in Clovis, CA
    • May 15, 2017 (90 days after the official posting): end of public comment period
    • USDA recommends a final decision (90 days later?)
    • Dairy producers potentially covered by a California FMMO vote on its adoption
  • Recommended Decision to Establish a California Federal Milk Order Published

    Modesto, Calif., (February 13, 2017) – On February 14, 2017 the USDA will published in the Federal Register a Recommended Decision proposing that a California Federal Milk Marketing Order (FMMO) be established. An unpublished copy of the Recommended Decision is now available here.

    AMS will hold a public meeting on February 22, 2017, in Clovis, to explain how the proposed California FMMO would operate and how the public can submit comments for USDA consideration. For those unable to attend the meeting in person, questions can be submitted until February 16 by emailing Californiainfo@ams.usda.gov.

    Interested parties will have the opportunity to watch the meeting live via webcast and a recording will be posted to the AMS website. A transcript of the meeting will be made part of the record of the proceeding.

  • Denner Ranch: 125 Years of Farming In Santa Rosa

    Santa Rosa, Calif., (February 10, 2017) – Denner Ranches, established in 1890, is operated by Kathy Reese and her husband Steve, Russ Denner and his wife Joanne and their son Brian Denner.

    The property was purchased by Reese and Denner’s great grandfather who emigrated from Devonshire England, originally settling in Illinois before coming west and deciding Santa Rosa was the place he wanted to live.

    The ranch was purchased in two parts, with the second half acquired in 1935. When the original piece of property was purchased in the 1890’s, it was growing winegrapes, but the vines were removed and the ranch transitioned through many other crops. Over the years, the ranch has raised horses for the U.S. Calvary, hogs, potatoes, hops, beef and dairy cattle, corn silage and hay.

    The family is currently growing 42 acres of Russian River Chardonnay. Additionally, the property has 258 acres of organic pasture most of which is leased to a local cattle company, but the family also runs their own small herd of cattle on the property. The remaining 180 acres are leased to a farmer growing vegetables which include squash, peppers, tomatoes and other seasonal items.

    While Kathy is passionate about the cattle and said she couldn’t see herself without them, Russ describes himself as the instigator of the vineyard. The 42 acres of winegrapes brings the property full circle, back to what it was originally planted with when the family purchased the land more than 125 years ago.

    Russ and his wife Joanne married in 1972 and moved back to the property in 1977 where they live in the original house built in the early 1900’s, which, as a remodeling contractor, he has restored.  Kathy and Steve married in 1970 and moved back to the property in 1982, building a new house.

    Russ’s son Brian, 29, joined the family business in 2013. He grew up on the ranch attending El Molino High School and Santa Rosa Junior College before working in security and construction. He was partway through the hiring process with the Richmond police department before deciding to come back and spend a year working on the family farm. He fell in love with the farm and has continued to work in the vineyard and is involved with day to day operations.

    Brian’s son, Silas, is six and will be the sixth generation of the Denner family to grow up on the property.

    Between 1984 and 1985, Russ and Steve were working on the farm, but the property wasn’t able to sustain both families. Russ and Steve went back to their day jobs. The parents were still operating the property and weren’t quite ready to let go.

    “It all worked out,” said Kathy, “timing is everything. Our fathers worked hard to build this ranch.”

    In 1994, Kathy and Russ returned to the property to take over the day to day operations. The family transitioned 46 acres of the property to vineyard in 1996. Russ said the family would have expanded more but were restricted due to the tiger salamander and the regulations surrounding it.

    “For farming to be sustainable you have to be able to change crops,” said Russ which has been vibrantly demonstrated by the family over the last 100 years. “The tiger salamander has made it so you can’t till the ground. We’re stuck with pastures we can only run cattle on.”

    The family has been working with NRCS on various projects and has had their pastures certified organic. They have also worked with the City of Santa Rosa to use reclaimed wastewater since 1976.

    The ranch has been used as a filming location for movies as wells as local sheriff’s department trainings. The Reeses are actively involved in Sonoma County Farm Bureau, where Kathy Reese sits on the board of directors, and are committed to ensuring future generations have the ability to farm in Sonoma County.

    “The scary part,” said Russ, “is not knowing how we’re going to keep going and change crops.”

    Kathy said, “How do you plan for succession when you don’t know how you’re going to survive?”

     

     

  • Fresno County Department of Agriculture Crop Report

    Fresno, Calif., (February 8, 2017) – Heavy rains continued in January promoting vigorous growth in barley, triticale, wheat and winter forage. Fields have been fertilized, and herbicides applied. Dry-land barley have been planted and showing good growth.

    The rains have put much of the fieldwork on hold, waiting for drier conditions. Between storms, growers reshaped beds, and added soil amendments for the next round of field crops. Sheep continue to graze in some alfalfa fields when other fields received areal herbicide treatments to control weeds in wet fields. First cuttings of alfalfa are rapidly approaching in Sanger district.

    Working around storms, growers continued to prune, disc, and apply herbicides to orchards. Around the County dormant sprays were being applied between storm systems. In the Sanger and Selma Districts, early varieties of nectarines and peaches started to bloom. Almond buds are swelling in Sanger and Huron, loads of beehives were moved in. Work continues in the vineyards with pruning, tying, and herbicide applications. Around the County orchards and vineyards continue to be taken out, replaced with almonds and pistachios. Almonds, Asian pears, dry apricots, dry cranberry, dry figs, dry prunes, pecans, raisins, and walnuts were exported to; Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hong Kong, Iceland, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Republic of Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand, Trinidad & Tobago, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and Viet Nam. Kiwi were exported to Guatemala, Japan, and Taiwan. Peruvian and Chilean grapes were re-exported to Canada

    Preparation for spring planting has started in a few fields with weeding, discing, irrigation repair, and formation of rows taking place. Field fumigations for eggplant, strawberries, and tomatoes had started in some districts but most were on hold due to ground saturation from recent rains. Garlic and onion planting have all emerged and show good growth. Broccoli is growing steadily in Firebaugh, while asparagus fields were topped and shredded for spring harvest. Harvesting of carrots and daikon continued. Broccoli, cilantro, kale, mustard, and leaf lettuce was planted for seed production. Onion and lettuce seed were exported to Germany, Japan, and republic of Korea. Blueberries started showing signs of swelling buds in Selma district, when other areas remain dormant.

    January had a few nights with below freezing temperatures but so far, no significant freeze damage has been reported in the districts. Rain also delayed citrus harvest in many districts but exports are steady. Around the storms, fungicide applications took place in many citrus orchards. Grapefruit, lemons, mandarins, Navel oranges, pummelos, tangelos, and tangerines were exported to; Chile, China, Ecuador, Fiji, Guatemala, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Peru, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Tonga. Olive groves underwent discing, and herbicide applications to control weeds.

    The rain has had a huge impact on the rangeland, creating favorable conditions for grazing livestock. Sheep continue to graze on dormant alfalfa and fallow fields. In Huron district, cattle are being shipped out for processing. With the almonds and stone fruit starting to bud, beehives were brought in from out of state to be placed in orchards for pollination.

  • Full statistics now available for crop year 2015

    Sacramento, Calif., (February 2, 2017) – In 2015 California’s farms and ranches received approximately $47 billion for their output. This represents a decrease of nearly 17 percent compared to 2014. California remains the leading US state in cash farm receipts.

    California’s agricultural abundance includes more than 400 commodities. Over a third of the country’s vegetables and two-thirds of the country’s fruits and nuts are grown in California. California’s top-10 valued commodities for 2015 are:

    • Milk and Cream— $6.29 billion
    • Almonds — $5.33 billion
    • Grapes — $4.95 billion
    • Cattle and Calves — $3.40 billion
    • Lettuce — $2.26 billion
    • Strawberries — $1.86 billion
    • Tomatoes — $1.71 billion
    • Flowers and Foliage — $1.08 billion
    • Walnuts — $977 million
    • Hay — $945 million

    Agricultural Exports: In 2015, California exported approximately 26 percent of its agricultural production by volume, accounting for $20.69 billion in value. California’s leading agricultural export products by value are almonds ($5.14 billion), dairy products ($1.63 billion), walnuts ($1.49 billion), wine ($1.48 billion), and pistachios ($848 million).

    Statistics: California agricultural statistics derive primarily from the United States Department of Agriculture/National Agricultural Statistics Services (USDA/NASS) reports. The California Department of Food and Agriculture also publishes statistics related to California dairy production and, in cooperation with the University of California at Davis, statistics for California agricultural exports. For most timely research into California dairy statistics, please see our dairy pages under Division of Marketing Services. Please see also links in the right hand column for USDA National Agricultural Statistics and Economic Research Service reporting. For county-level reporting please see the CDFA County Liaison site.

    Annual crop year reports have been reproduced below for your convenience. Export reports are typically published within the corresponding crop year report. While data is made available throughout the year, crop year and export reports are published typically about one year following the given crop year.

    Link to report

  • 2017 WUD Director & Delegate Election Results

    Modesto, Calif., (February 1, 2017) – On behalf of the Board of Western United Dairymen we would like to thank all those who volunteered to participate in this year’s election process. We were extremely happy with the turnout and look forward to many more successful years. Please see the 2017 election results below. Delegates and Alternates: Please be advised that you are all encouraged and welcome to join us at our annual convention on Wednesday, March 29, The House of Delegate meeting is set to take place on Wednesday time is still to be determined. Your terms do not begin until AFTER this House of Delegate meeting –thus March 30, 2017.

    Please make sure to visit our website and register asap for the convention and please feel free to call the office if you have any questions. Once again thank you to all the participants and we look forward to working with everyone soon.

    District 1 – Delegate: Frank Martin – Alternate: Frank Ferreira

    District 2 – Delegate: Dave DeWitt – Alternate: Fred Denier

    District 3 – Director: Lucas Deniz – Delegate: Jennifer Beretta Alternate: John Taylor

    District 4 – Director: Pete DeVisser – Alternate Delegate: Paul Ven Puijenbro

    District 5 – Director: Devin Gioletti – Delegate: Jack Hoekstra – Alternate: Ellen Durrer

    District 6 – Director: Luis Borba – Delegates: Gino Pedretti III, Tim Coelho – Alternate: Kristen Areias

    District 7 – Director: Travis Visser – Delegate: Lauren Reid – Alternate: Rimmert DeJong

    District 8 – Delegates: Jared Fernandes, Louie Tristao – Alternate: Tim Ven Beek

    District 9 – Alternate delegate: Brian Medeiros

    District 10 – Delegates: Jim Renner, Steve Scilacci – Alternate: Anna Holgersen

    District 11 – Alternate Delegate: Curtis Vanden Burg

    District 12 – Delegate: Brian Schouten – Alternate: Kenny Harmsen

  • Flooding and Waterlogging Damage in Alfalfa – What to Do?

    Sacramento, Calif., (January 20, 2017) – When are seasonal heavy rains welcomed but worrisome?   When rains fill reservoirs, but also turn fields into seas of standing water!

    Such has been the case in northern California, which has seen torrential rains in recent weeks. After 5 years of intensive drought, the 2016-2017 rains are a welcome relief, but pose a danger to many crops including alfalfa.

    It seems strange that we’re discussing water damage a few months after discussing (lack of) water stress!

    Ah, the ups and downs of agriculture!

    What are the mechanisms for flood damage? Alfalfa grown in Mediterranean and desert climates is still alive, green and growing during winter periods and thus subject to water damage during floods. This is unlike colder regions where alfalfa is very dormant and brown during winter months (but damage can occur in those areas as well).

    The extent of either death or damage depends upon temperature, drainage, alfalfa growth status (young vs. old, active vs. dormant), and duration of flooding. The mechanisms for damage include:

    • Lack of Oxygen—Alfalfa roots must ‘breath’ just like humans, and respiration is reduced under waterlogging. If severe, lack of oxygen can cause death or lots of damage.
    • Temperature—Damage is greater under warm temperatures vs. cold due to increases in respiration rates (in plants and soil microorganisms). Hot temperatures can kill alfalfa within hours, but the crop can survive for days under cold temperatures.
    • Death of fine root hairs—Fine root hairs are particularly damaged during waterlogging and must be regenerated later if the plants survive. These are critical for nutrient and water uptake later.
    • Root Pruning. Saturated sub-surface layers can cause root pruning below that level (e.g. root pruning at 12” plow pans). These roots may recover but are damaged.
    • Micronutrient availability –Under reducing conditions (low oxygen), iron and other micronutrients may become unavailable for plant growth due to excess bicarbonates or other mechanisms including root damage.
    • Disease and pests—Since saturated soil conditions favor disease organisms, Phytophora, nematodes, and other organisms can gain the upper hand over a weakened alfalfa plant.
    • Weeds—Aggressive cold-favoring, flood-tolerant winter weeds can completely dominate alfalfa stands weakened by flooding.
    • Nodules— The Rhizobium nodules are weakened or damaged under flooded conditions, resulting in reduced nitrogen fixation.

    How long does it take to do damage? This will depend upon variety, temperature and soil drainage characteristics. Dormant varieties under cold conditions may tolerate some submersion for several days; actively growing plants less so. Sometimes it could be months before damage is noticed.

    We expect greater damage during late spring flooding vs. January flooding. Winter flooding causes less damage due to the plants slower physiological processes. Also, moving water is less harmful than standing water, containing more oxygen. Soils that rapidly drain after flooding exhibit less crop damage. Drainage limitations may affect plants many months after flooding occurred.

    What to do?  After the intense flooding, when fields have drained, inspect roots and crowns for damage caused by anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions in the soil. Dig up roots and examine their health. Do you see greater disease in crowns or center of roots? Roots that are soft and compress easily when squeezed may be damaged beyond hope. If roots are beginning to release a strong odor, they likely won’t recover. If roots are white, they may Assess your stand-if the plants recover, will you have an adequate stand? Dig up roots and see if soil impediments have caused greater damage 12-16” below the surface (root pruning). Keep an eye on the plants, inspecting for damage and yield throughout the following summer; sometimes disease development is delayed with weakened plants succumbing to damage months later.

    Seedling Fields. Newly-seeded fields, especially those seeded late in the previous fall, are the most susceptible to damage from saturated soil conditions. Seedling alfalfa has small weak roots which can die quickly from oxygen deprivation. Seedling plants are also much more susceptible to diseases such as Phytophora and Pythium.

    Ideas for flood-damaged seedling fields:

    • Assess stand of the new seeding. If less than about 15-20 plants/ft2, or with large gaps, consider mitigation measures.
    • Overseed with alfalfa to improve the stand – if this is done early in the spring it can be successful. However, pay attention to herbicide issues (residual herbicides), and it will be more difficult to control weeds due to different stage of development.  Light tillage or no-till can be effective.
    • Wait longer to harvest—It’s important to allow the root system to fully recover and delay first harvest as long as possible to allow root development before harvest.
    • Use caution with the use of herbicides. Crop injury is greater when the plants are injured from floods.
    • Replant: consider rotating to a summer annual and replanting in the fall. In California, safflower is a possibility, corn, sorghum, sudangrass, sunflower are options. Then start over in the fall.

    NOTE: water damage in poorly-developed new stands should be a STRONG message about the advantages of early fall or late summer seeding, e.g. August-September – these fields are a lot less susceptible to cold and flooding damage than November-planted seedlings.

    Established Fields. Established fields can exhibit loss of stand, greater weed intrusion, and have lots of disease issues under flooding conditions. Nematodes are another problem in addition to oxygen deprivation.

    Ideas for flood-damaged established fields:

    1. Assess the stand – if less than about10-12 plants/ft2 with lack of vigor or with large gaps, consider mitigation measures or replant decisions.
    2. Re-seeding of small areas in spring may be useful where alfalfa has completely died out and a new seed bed is formed.  However, reseeding of alfalfa into existing stands has had limited success – this is more successful with young vs. older stands.
    3. Use of glyphosate-resistant varieties is very helpful with overseeding alfalfa into existing alfalfa due to flexibility in weed management.
    4. Interseeding alfalfa plus red clover, berseem clover, or grasses may be better suited in problem areas where developing a new seed bed is not possible. This can be done no-till. An annual grass may enable forage production with later fall planting in rotation.  Plant early!
    5. Caution is advised on the use of herbicides when plants are stressed from floods. If weed control is necessary, use lowest label rates. Avoid the use of herbicides that are foliar systemic or absorbed through the roots.
    6. Delay first harvest until 10% bloom or longer. This will increase carbohydrate translocation to the roots and strengthen the root system.
    7. If possible, cut above the new re-growth (about four inches).
    8. Monitor and treat for weevil and aphid populations early. Stressed plants can be a preferred target and subject to increased damage by these pests.
    9. Silt deposits of over two to three inches will weaken the stand and may need to be re-graded and re-established in places.
    10. Some have suggested nitrogen (N) applications on yellowed flood damaged alfalfa.       Although this may help a little bit, generally its effects are marginal, and do not recommend N applications which are typically not economic.
    11. Hold off on irrigation until vegetative growth is substantial and allow roots time to strengthen and utilize excessive soil moisture.
    12. Manage your irrigation with quick shots of water. Any standing water beyond six to eight hours will only worsen the problem.
    13. If the alfalfa population decreases below 4-6 plants per square foot or with large gaps, the end may be near. Plan for a new crop in rotation!
    14. Land leveling: Pay attention to the leveling of existing fields. Take notes for corrections for the future, and for new plantings in low areas.
    15. On flood-prone fields, consider planting a more dormant variety.

    SUMMARY

    Lack of oxygen, disease and weed intrusion are the main problems with flood-damaged alfalfa.   There are some over-seeding and inter-seeding options to consider, but allowing sufficient time for the crop to recover and treating the crop well during the recovery period is critical to allow sustained forage production after the damage has occurred.

    Flooding in Yolo County Alfalfa Fields, January, 2017

     

  • Hill-Climbing Cows May Help Rangeland Sustainability

    Most of the 5 million cattle that graze on California’s rangelands like to dine in the valleys and hang out by creeks. This can lead to overgrazing in riparian areas and let perfectly good forage on hillsides go to waste.

    But some cows are different. They prefer to climb hills and mountains and eat along the way. If more cattle followed the road less traveled, rangelands would be more productive and sustainable throughout California and the West.

    That is why a team of researchers, including University of California, Davis, animal geneticist Juan Medrano, is working to develop an easy, inexpensive genetic test to help ranchers improve cattle distribution by breeding hill-climbing cows.

    “It’s very exciting research,” said Medrano, a professor with the Department of Animal Science who is collaborating with scientists throughout the West. “DNA technology makes it relatively easy to test and breed for production traits like milk yield and growth rate. But it’s brand new to identify genetic markers linked to animal behavior. This could have a huge impact on food security and rangeland management.”

    Nature and Nurture

    One third of California — 38 million acres — is rangeland. Most of it is mountainous or hilly and managed for livestock production. Grazing on rangeland feeds livestock, but also offers many environmental benefits such as keeping weeds and other invasive species in check, providing water storage and carbon sequestration, and supporting habitat for animals and plants found nowhere else in the world.

    Problems arise, though, when rangeland is overgrazed and cattle spend too much time near running water, where manure and calving can create water-quality risks for people downstream. That is especially true in California. Some 80 percent of the state’s drinking and irrigation water is stored on or passes through rangeland.

    Researchers at UC Davis and beyond have been working for decades with ranchers to keep cattle from overgrazing and congregating by creeks. They build strategic fencing, for example, and provide water and salt licks on ridgetops away from running water. Cowhands often herd cattle from low-lying pastures, but that is labor-intensive and only a temporary fix.

    A few years ago, Derek Bailey, a professor of range science at New Mexico State University and a colleague of Medrano, had an intriguing thought: What if we combine nature and nurture?

    “I’ve been watching cattle for years, and there are always some cows that just take off for the hills, like they didn’t know they weren’t elk,” Bailey said. “They could be belly-deep in green grass, and just bolt for the hills. They like it up there. We can breed for other traits. Why not select for hill climbing?”

    Bailey joined forces with Medrano and a team of researchers including animal genetics expert Milton Thomas at Colorado State University. Funded by a grant from Western Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, the group is close to developing a genetic test for whether a bull is likely to sire daughters who like to climb hills.

    Locomotion, Motivation and Spatial Learning

    To identify hill-climbing cattle, Bailey and his crew put GPS collars on 180 cows on seven ranches in three western states and took measurements every 10 minutes for months at a time. They tracked the cattle’s slope use, elevation gain and distance traveled from water. They also took blood samples that Medrano and his team analyzed for chromosomal commonalities. Medrano found overlap in genes linked to locomotion, motivation and spatial learning.

    “Results so far are very encouraging,” Medrano said. “Soon we will be able to test and breed for hill-climbing behavior.”

    With both plants and animals, breeding for one trait can sometimes produce unintended consequences like predisposition to disease or low calf weight. Researchers are looking closely at that possibility, and have so far found no correlation between hill-climbing behavior and undesired traits.

    “We’ve looked at calf-weaning weights, pregnancy rates, blood pressure, even disposition,” Bailey said. “We had one theory that hill-climbing cows tended toward the meaner end of the scale, but that’s not the case.

    “Some cows just prefer to climb more than other cows,” Bailey said. “And if breeding can move the bell curve in that direction, management tools like fencing and herding will be much more effective.”

    California ranchers are intrigued by the possibility.

    “I can see many ecological and economic benefits to breeding for cows who like to travel,” said Clayton Koopmann, a rancher and rangeland-management consultant who runs cattle on hilly ground throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. “Forage would be consumed more evenly, and that’s good for livestock production and for the environment.”